Criminology 4

 4 assumptions of approach -  Individuals interact with others and affect one another's behaviour. Agency theory suggests people are agents of society to behave in a way to benefit society. People help others by sending signals to other people by body language, behaviour etc. Effects of being in groups: Social approach assumes that people live within a culture and society and that their behaviour is affected by their experiences within society. Social identity theory suggests that y identifying oneself as being a member of a group, a person can become prejudiced against members of a rival group. Groups are prejudice to one and another- Member of a peer group copy one another, crowds can be unruly Effect on social situation - Not just people and groups that affect behaviour, but the social situation itself. E.G - Lift, 2 people in a lift makes you act differently than if you was on your own Social roles - Society, people have social roles and those roles have expectations attac...

 Unit 2.3 - Understanding the role and importance of stakeholders Overview of key concepts - Stakeholders can be internal or external to an organisation Stakeholders have varying amounts of power to influence decisions within an organisation Stakeholders can have varying amounts of interest in an organisation Corporate social responsibility allows organisations to take a holistic approach to the stakeholder concept Effective communication and consultation is vital to maintain and improve stakeholder relationships Stakeholder concept- External stakeholders: Government, local and national  Local community Creditor Customers Suppliers Internal stakeholders: Employees  Shareholders Management team Stakeholder expectations -  Government, local and national - Taxes, employment, local or regional investment/development Local community - Jobs, consideration (noise etc), community involvement and responsible attitude Creditors - Payments on time and fulfilled satisfactorily C...

 Unit 2.2 - Understanding management decision making Overview of key concepts -  Managers need to make decisions They need to maximise rewards and minimise risk A way of minimising risk is to use the scientific method of decision making Part of the analysing of data in the scientific method is using decision trees Decision trees use a diagram and probability to calculate the likelihood of an event occurring However, managers use a mixture to aid decision making - scientific methods, hunches, past experience. This should help to take in most factors. There should be a balance between quantitative and qualitative information to aid decision making. Management and decisions - Managing is all about making decisions - making the right decision about resources such as: People, money, materials needed and machinery Decisions making is complex -  Its for managers to minimise risk but maximise rewards Decision making for managers -  Risk: Finances - could lose money or not ma...

 Unit 2.1 - Understanding management, leadership and decision making Overview of key concepts -  Leaders have a vision Managers have to turn that vision into running the business on a day to day basis  Managers use the 'management process' - planning, organising, coordinating/ directing and controlling They use data and information to help with making decisions Key leadership styles include - autocratic, democratic, Blake Mouton grid, Tannenbaum Schimdt continuum Key influences on the leadership style - employees, culture, the nature of the task, personalities involved. What managers do - Setting objectives, Analysing, Leading, Making decisions, Reviewing Management process -   Management is the process of getting things done through others (Stewart) Process is; Controlling -  Reviewing progress of organisation. Changing plans if circumstances change. Using budgets or appraisals to control people and money Planning - What does the organisation want to do? W...

 Unit 1.3 - Understanding that businesses operate within an external environment An external environment is the factors that can influence a business's activities and can determine its success or failure. The external environment compromises those external forces hat can influence a business's activities.  The factors included: Market conditions and competition, Incomes, Interest rates, Demographic factors and Environmental issues and fair trade. Market conditions and competition-  Market condition - The features of the market like the level of sales, sales growth, price levels, the number and strength of rivals, their market position and market share etc. Demand - The amount of a particular good or service that consumers or organisations want and are able to afford to purchase. A good determinant of how desirable a market is for firms. Incomes-  Income levels in the market will clearly have an impact n the demand for all goods. Some products like normal and luxury g...

 GRAVEC used to evaluate studies Generalisability, whether the study sample is truly representative of the target population - sample bias, androcentric (focus on males), Ethnocentric (focus on ethics), limited sample, sampling techniques used, representativeness Reliability, whether the procedure are consistent enough to e replicated and get the same results again- same results?. standardisation, control, observer reliability, coding of the data Application, whether the study is useful in the real world - real life situation to improve quality of life or outcomes for society Validity, whether the study really tells you about what it is supposed to tell you about what it is supposed to tell you about  Ethics, whether the study ensures the wellbeing of its participants and the wider community - informed consent, deception, protection from physical and psychological harm, debriefing, confidentiality Credibility, strength of the study - Is it believable? CODA used to evaluate the...

 Unit 1.2 - Understanding different business forms Reasons for choosing different business forms and changing business forms - Sole traders, Private limited companies, Public limited companies, Private and public sector organisations and non profit organisations such as charities and mutuals. Sole traders -  It is a business owned and run by one individual. The owner may operate by themselves or employ other people. Increasingly popular method because people enjoy working for themselves and keeping all of the businesses profits. Business is unincorporated as it has not gone through the legal incorporation process and will have unlimited liability. Unlimited liability - Owners of business are liable for all the debts that the business may incur (sole traders and partnerships) - If the business incurs debts that cannot be repaid the the owners personal assets are at risk as there is no limit to their liability. Even though they only have one owner they are able to employ as many...

 Topic 1.5- The impact of media portrayals of crime The way the media portray the crime and criminals has a big impact on how the public perceives crime. The media coverage can affect how much crime people believe there is, whether they think it is increasing and how much of a threat they feel it to be. This may lead the public to demand that the police, courts, or government take steps to deal with the perceived problem like a 'crackdown' on a particular type of crime or the introduction to new laws. Moral panic- The medias representations of crime may actually cause more crime by creating a moral panic. Stanley Cohen defines a moral panic as an exaggerated, irrationally over reaction by society to a perceived problem. This starts with the media identifying a group as a folk devil or threat to society's values, exaggerating the problem that caused the panic in the first place.  The mods and rockers-  Cohen's book Folk Devil's and Moral panics is a classic study of ...

 Topic 1.4 - The media and crime Some people may have direct, personal experience of crime but most of our knowledge about crime comes indirectly from the media. There is a wide range of media including newspaper, novels, films. TV and radio as well as social media which all portray crime that is both fictional and real.  Newspaper- Types;  The 'popular' press which included the Daily Mail and the 'quality' press that included The Guardian.  Daily papers and the Sunday papers like the Observer Local and regional papers like the Evening Standard (London) and the Western Mail (Cardiff) as well as free newspapers like the Metro All major newspapers now have online as well as the printed version. Sales of most newspapers have been falling over the years.  In the press crime is big news. A study found that 1/8 of the news reports were about crime and that tabloids devoted more space to crime. The tabloids focus on sensational stories and treat them as a form of 'info...

 Topic 1.3 - Explain the consequences of unreported crime The ripple effect- Based on the idea of a pebble being dropped into a pond and causing a ripples on the surface. In crime it means the unreported crime may affect not just the immediate or primary victim, but it will spread across the whole community or society and then affect secondary victims. It can affect in may types of crimes. An example of this is hate crimes they can be used to get a point across to multiple people. Cultural consequences- People of different cultures may view the same action differently. So, it may mean some practices are seen as unacceptable and against the law in the UK are acceptable from some people of other cultures. An example of this is female genital mutilation. It is illegal in the UK but in other countries it is allowed. Haroon Siddique stated "More than 20,000 girls a year are thought to be at risk of FGM in the UK. Medical groups, trade unions and human rights organisations estimate that...

 Topic 1.2 - Explain the reasons that certain crimes are unreported Reasons for unreported crimes- Crimes can only be investigated and solved if they are reported to the police. However, there are many reasons why crimes go unreported like a person may be unaware that they are a victim of a crime. On the other hand, they may be well aware they are a victim but may have personal, social or cultural reasons in which they are not reporting the crime Personal reasons-  Fear- The victim of the crime may feel and be concerned that there might be retaliation if they report the crime to the police. Also, if the victim is aware and knows the offender personally they may be afraid of them reporting the crime leading to further actions against them. They may also fear the possible consequences for their families and the people close to them. Shame-If you are victim of a crime it may cause embarrassment or shame. The victim may feel shame on admitting a crime has happened due to how it ma...