Criminology 4

Unit 4.3 - Increasing efficiency and productivity Capacity - the maximum total level of output or production that a business can produce in a given time period. A company that is producing at this level is said to be producing at this level is said to be producing at full capacity. Importance of capacity -  getting capacity right is important because managers need to decide on the correct sale of production for the organisation.  too low and they will not be able to meet demand for their products: get it too high and they will waste money with idle resources (machinery, people or stock etc) How to increase capacity? For businesses to increase capacity they need to: -invest in capital machinery -invest in employees through training  -hire more employees  -change production practices to be more efficient Importance of labour productivity -  If a business has an increase in labour productivity then this means that the output will be increased but using the same num...

 Unit 4.2 - Analysing operational performance Efficiency -  All businesses try to be as efficient as possible. This means controlling costs when making goods or services. Part of the operational objectives (from Unit 4.1) is to be able to measure the efficiency of the business. T his can be done using: Labour productivity Unit costs Capacity Capacity utilisation Labour intensive - when labour costs outweigh capital costs of a business In other words this means when the business has spent more on investing in people t o  complete their goods or services than the capital (money) they have invested in it. Labour productivity - the amount (volume) of output that is obtained from each employee. This is a measure of business efficiency especially for firms which have labour intensive production. Labour productivity - calculation for labour productivity: labour productivity = output per period / number of employees in that period The calculation has significant impacts upon unit...

 Unit 4.1 - Setting operational objectives Objective - a quantifiable target which helps to coordinate activities. Mission statement - A statement about the organisation's aims that is designed to motivate. Corporate objectives - These are goals for the whole organisation and are usually based on the mission statement. Functional objectives - These are goals for each functional area of a business and are based on corporate objectives. Objectives should be based on SMART: Specific - easily defined  Measurable - quantifiable  Agreed or achievable - stakeholders involved in setting them Realistic - not in conflict with other objectives Timely or time bound - based on a timescale Why do we set objectives ?  -By having a mission it will help guide employees and motivate them in the direction the organisation wants to go - Having corporate objectives gives a more detailed sense of direction - Having functional objectives allow for greater co-ordination of resources to ensu...

 1. turnover = £80000+£20000 = £100000 labour costs = 42%of £100000 = £42000 labour costs per unit = 84 pence  weekly output = £42000 / 84 =50000 units  2. second store  -  cost = £45,000 revenue being £90000 - 0.8 = 90,000 x 0.8 = £72,00 revenue being £20000 - 0.2 = 20,000 x 0.2 = £4000 EV = 72000 + 4000 = £76000 Net gain = £76,000 - £45,000 = £31,000 Selling clothes online -  cost = £18000 revenue being £60000 - 0.7 = 60000 x 0.7 = £42000 revenue being £25,000 - 0.3 = 25000 x 0.3 = £7500 EV= 42000 + 7500 = £49500 Net gain = £49500 - £18000 = £31500 3. Firstly, i don't believe it is worth sacking the manager Graham Fryer because it would cost the football club an awful amount. Due to Fryer already having a long contract with the football could the team would have to pay him £10.5m if they sacked him. This means there is a loss for the football team which they don't need because as they are already facing relegation it means they are already losing out on m...

  1. For how long had adultery been a crime in India?​ 158 years 2. How was the crime of adultery defined? ​ 'Married women are not a special case for the purpose of prosecution for adultery. They are in any way situated differently than men' Mr shine said 'Indirectly discriminates against women by holding an erroneous presumption that women are the property of men' 3. Why do you think there is no data for prosecutions under this law? ​ ...... 4. Summarise who challenged the law and why. ​ Joseph Shine who is a 41 year old Indian business man living in Italy petitioned the Supreme court to strike down the law. His argument was that it discriminated against men by only holding them liable for extra marital relationships, while treating women like objects. In his 45 page petition, Mr Shine liberally quotes from American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson, women rights activist Mary Wollstonecraft and former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan on gender equality and the rights of ...